Debt Buyers & Collectors

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On July 4, 2017, W. Va. Code § 46A-5-108 went into effect, requiring West Virginia consumers to send a written “Notice of Right to Cure” to a creditor or debt collector prior to instituting any action under Articles 2, 3, or 4 of the West Virginia Consumer Credit and Protection Act (the WVCCPA).  The full text of the current statute can be accessed here. 

After receipt of the Notice of Right to Cure, creditors and debt collectors are provided 45 days to send a cure offer to the consumer.  If the consumer accepts the cure offer and the offer is performed, it is a complete bar to recovery if a consumer later files a cause of action for the alleged violation.  Likewise, if the court finds that a cure offer is timely delivered and above the judgment that a consumer receives, the consumer’s counsel is barred from collecting attorneys’ fees and costs incurred following delivery of the cure offer. 

Implementation of the pre-suit notice requirement has raised multiple questions for courts and creditors alike.  Although intended to add clarity and to enable creditors to address any potential errors or violations of the WVCCPA, the provision has created more questions than answers, and it remains to be seen if the intent to allow creditors and consumers to avoid costly and time-consuming litigation will be realized. 

First, the statute is silent on whether a consumer can first file suit and then send the Notice of Right to Cure, requiring the creditor to then send a cure offer in 20 days under the provisions set forth in subsection (a) of § 5-108.  It appears that the legislature only intended this provision to apply when the creditor has filed a suit and the consumer is the would-be defendant.  However, as § 5-108 currently reads, the lack of clarity in the statute has been seen as an invitation for the consumer to engage in such conduct. 

Second, the effect the statute will have on individual claims for potential class representatives is still unknown.  Can the consumer demand a settlement on behalf of a class prior to class certification?  What is the effect of a rejected cure offer to a class representative’s claim if he or she does not individually recover a judgment above the individual cure offer amount?  Are creditors and/or debt collectors required to address potential class claims in a cure offer?  Once a class is certified, does the creditor or debt collector have an opportunity to send a class–wide cure offer to all potential class members?  To date, these questions remain unanswered. 

Third, internal compliance procedures for companies conducting business in West Virginia should be updated to ensure that consumer notices are being addressed by either their legal departments or by referring the potential claim to their outside counsel to address and make recommendations to evaluate and respond to § 5-108 correspondence from consumers. 

The Financial Services Litigation group at Troutman Sanders has handled hundreds of contested matters in West Virginia, including class action cases, and arbitrations through appeal to the Fourth Circuit.  We will continue to monitor the effects of § 5-108 in West Virginia federal and state courts to identify and advise on new compliance risks and strategies.

On August 16, Judge Freda L. Wolfson of the District of New Jersey ruled that a consumer plaintiff’s claim that insurance language overshadowed the required debt validation warning can proceed.  In the case of Morello v. AR Resources, Inc., the named plaintiff Wayne Morello received a collection letter arising from a medical debt.  That letter contained a standard validation notice pursuant to § 1692g of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, informing Morello that he must dispute the validity of the debt.  Above this notice, the defendant debt collector, AR Resources, included the following sentence: “If you carry any insurance that may cover this obligation, please contact our office at the toll-free number above.”  Morello sued, claiming this sentence overshadowed the debt validation notice and, consequently, violated the FDCPA.  The defendants filed a motion to dismiss, which Judge Wolfson denied.

In denying the motion to dismiss, Judge Wolfson engaged in a detailed discussion of Third Circuit precedent involving these types of overshadowing claims.  She found that precedent dictated that debt collectors must not merely include the validation notice but also convey the terms of that notice effectively.  Judge Wolfson analyzed three cases from the Third Circuit Court of Appeals on this point: Graziano v. Harrison, Caprio v. Healthcare Revenue Recovery Grp., LLC, and Laniado v. Certified Credit & Collection Bureau.  The letter in Graziano contained a validation notice and a threat to take legal action within ten days unless the debt was resolved.  The Graziano court found that the “juxtaposition of two inconsistent statements rendered the statutory notice invalid under § 1692g.”  In Caprio, the front of the letter contained a statement requesting that the consumer call if he believed he did not owe the debt (with “please call” in bold typeface).  The debt validation notice was on the back of the letter.  The Third Circuit found this could lead the least sophisticated consumer to believe he could call to dispute the debt, thereby inadvertently waiving his right to dispute the debt because such disputes must be in writing.  Lastly, Judge Wolfson found that Laniado followed Caprio by inviting the consumer to call the debt collector “should there be any discrepancy.”

Judge Wolfson then cited one of her previous decisions, rendered in Kassin v. AR Res., Inc., to find that the insurance language here overshadowed the debt validation notice.  Judge Wolfson reasoned that the language could lead the least sophisticated consumer who thinks that they do not owe the debt because they have insurance that should cover it to call the debt collector and inadvertently waive their right to dispute the debt in writing.  In other words, a debtor may mistakenly believe he or she could dispute the debt via telephone if the dispute was based on insurance coverage.  Judge Wolfson then distinguished her ruling from rulings in Cruz v. Fin. Recoveries (District of New Jersey) and Anela v. AR Res., Inc. (Eastern District of Pennsylvania).  She noted the insurance language in question in those cases was found to address resolving the debt, compared to disputing the debt.  In short, the insurance language in Cruz and Anela invited the consumer to call to provide information about insurance that could cover the debt.  Because she found the language in question in Morello to be more closely related to disputing the debt, there was a possibility that it could mislead the least sophisticated consumer.  For that reason, she denied the defendant’s motion to dismiss and strongly suggested she would rule in the plaintiff’s favor at the dispositive phase of the trial.

 

In a case of first impression, the United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan held that direct-to-voicemail messages qualify as a “call” under the Telephone Consumer Protection Act.  The Court’s opinion thus subjects another modern technology to the requirements of express consent and other strictures of the TCPA.

Defendant debt collector Dyck-O’Neal, Inc. delivered 30 messages to plaintiff consumer Karen Saunders’ voicemail using VoApp’s “DirectDROP” voicemail service.  The service did what it was supposed to do by delivering the voicemail messages through the telephone service provider’s voicemail server without actually calling Saunders’ phone number.  Saunders sued under the TCPA, and Dyck-O’Neal filed for summary judgment on the grounds that “ringless voicemails” are not subject to the TCPA.

The Court began its analysis by drawing predictable parallels to traditional voicemails and text messages which are subject to the TCPA.  The Court quoted from the FCC’s infamous 2015 Order, stating that Congress intended to protect consumers from “unwanted robocalls as new technologies emerge” (emphasis added).  The Court examined the technology behind the ringless voicemails, which included the fact that the technology did not call a telephone number assigned to a cell phone account – the statutory prerequisite for applying the TCPA provision at issue.  Nevertheless, the Court gave credence to the calls’ “effect on Saunders” rather than the fact that no call was made to a cell phone number.  According to the Court, that effect was “the same whether the phone rang with a call before the voicemail is left, or whether the voicemail is left directly in her voicemail box.”  The Court reasoned that Dyck-O’Neal did nothing other than reach Saunders on her cell phone through a “back door,” and failure to regulate this “back door” through application of the TCPA would be an “absurd result.”

Many collection agencies and marketing companies have been successfully using the direct-to-voicemail messages, and many others have considered following suit.  The Court’s decision is part of the risk-benefit analysis but, in the age of a quickly-evolving TCPA jurisprudence, another court may reach a different result.  This decision, facially at odds with the statutory text, could turn out to be an outlier or could mark the beginning of a trend.  Troutman Sanders will continue to monitor this line of cases.

The Southern District of West Virginia recently held that the reporting of an account being paid through a Chapter 13 bankruptcy plan as having an outstanding balance or past due payments does not violate the Fair Credit Reporting Act.

Plaintiffs Angela and Robert Barry alleged that Farm Bureau Bank FSB continued to report their account as having an outstanding balance with past due payments after they had disputed the account with the credit bureaus. Specifically, the Barrys alleged that their account is being paid through their confirmed Chapter 13 bankruptcy plan; thus, the account “should be showing paid on time through a Chapter [13] plan or it should stop as of the date of the filing [of] the Chapter 13 [confirmation], and indicate it is being paid through the plan.”

The Court granted Farm Bureau’s motion for summary judgment, answering the question of whether the FCRA prohibits the reporting of historically accurate information of a delinquent account after a Chapter 13 bankruptcy plan is confirmed but before the debt is discharged.

Farm Bureau argued the information it provided to the credit bureaus before and after the credit disputes was accurate. The Court agreed, ruling that the confirmation of a Chapter 13 bankruptcy plan does not change the debt’s legal status. For example, a Chapter 13 bankruptcy plan allowing payments “at a lower monthly rate does not concurrently insinuate that the account cannot become delinquent” because under the bankruptcy plan, payments are no longer being made according to the loan’s terms.

The Court relied on previous decisions from the Northern District of California in finding that a confirmed Chapter 13 bankruptcy plan does not absolve a debt owed to a financial institution because a bankruptcy petition could be dismissed if the debtor does not comply with the plan, resulting in the debt owed as if the bankruptcy was never filed. Therefore, the Court concluded that “it would not be inaccurate to report a debt’s balance as outstanding or the account as delinquent subsequent to a Chapter 13 plan’s confirmation, but before the debt has been discharged, if the debtor no longer makes the payments required under the loan schedule.”

Additionally, the Court rejected the proposition that the failure to report an account as included in a Chapter 13 bankruptcy proceeding is incomplete for purposes of the FCRA, holding that “even if Plaintiff is correct that Plaintiff’s credit report did not reflect the terms of Plaintiff’s Chapter 13 bankruptcy plan, this would not be an inaccurate or misleading statement that could sustain a FCRA claim … .”

A recent Virginia Supreme Court decision, The Game Place, L.L.C. v. Fredericksburg 35, LLC, 813 S.E.2d 312 (Va. 2018), highlights the long-standing statutory requirement for using a deed of lease, affixing a corporate seal, or utilizing acceptable seal substitutes in long-term leases.  In Game Place, the Supreme Court of Virginia ruled that a fifteen-year lease was unenforceable under Virginia’s Statute of Conveyances, which requires that any freehold in land for a term of more than five years, including leases, be accomplished by deed or will.  The Court found that the subject lease was not in the form of a deed and the lessor-lessee relationship could therefore only be enforced as a month-to–month tenancy against the tenant.  The tenant was current in their rent payments when they terminated the lease and vacated the premises; thus, the Court found the tenant had no ongoing payment obligations owed to the landlord. 

The Statute of Conveyances, Va. Code § 55-2, states: “No estate of inheritance or freehold or for a term of more than five years in lands shall be conveyed unless by deed or will … .”  At common law, deeds in Virginia required a wax-imprinted seal or a scroll.  The Virginia legislature has statutorily recognized acceptable substitutes for a formal seal, contained in Va. Code § 11-3.  The substitutes include:  (1) a scroll; (2) an imprint or stamp of a corporate or official seal; (3) the use in the body of the documents of the words “this deed” or “this indenture” or other words importing a sealed instrument or recognizing a seal; and (4) a proper acknowledgement “by an officer authorized to take acknowledgements of deeds.” 

Virginia Practice Tip:  In light of this decision, it is clear under Virginia law that leases with a term of more than five years that do not comport with the Statute of Conveyances may be deemed unenforceable.  Commercial landlords and lenders with loans secured by lease agreements should confirm that the leases comprising or securing their transactions have a formal seal or one of the alternatives available under Va. Code § 11-3.  To the extent a lease for a period longer than five years lacks a seal or language importing a deed of lease as permitted by Va. Code § 11-3, the parties should consider requiring an amendment to the lease agreement, whereby landlord and tenant recognize formally that the lease is a sealed document and/or deed of lease from its effective date.

On June 6, the Consumer Advisory Board’s twenty-two members were informed that they would no longer serve on the CAB and could not reapply for their former positions.

Through June 5, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau had four advisory bodies: the Academic Research Council, the Community Bank Advisory Council, the Credit Union Advisory Council, and the Consumer Advisory Board. By law, the CFPB must meet twice a year with the CAB to discuss trends in the financial industry, regulations, and the impact of financial products and practices on consumers. Tellingly, the CFPB’s acting director, Mick Mulvaney, has canceled several meetings between the CFPB and its advisory groups during his short tenure.

For the CAB’s former members, the coup de grace came on June 6 when, in an afternoon call, Anthony Welcher, the Bureau’s recently hired Policy Associate Director for External Affairs, informed them that they were terminated. This move came after several members criticized Mulvaney’s leadership and implored him to keep this week’s scheduled—and just cancelled—meeting on the books.

“We’re going to start the advisory groups with sort of a new membership, to bring in these new perspectives for these new dialogues,” Welcher said on the call. “We’re going to be using the current application cycle to populate these memberships in the new groups. So we’re going to be transitioning these current advisory groups over the next few months.”

In the memo announcing the members’ terminations, the CFPB defended this “[r]evamping” as necessary to “increase high quality feedback” and mentioned plans to hold more town halls and roundtable discussions and reduce the new CAB’s ranks. As a later released statement argued, “[b]y both right-sizing its advisory councils and ramping up outreach to external groups, the Bureau will enhance its ability to hear from consumer, civil rights, and industry groups on a more regular basis.” In response to press queries, a CFPB spokesman not only denied the members’ characterization of the agency’s action—“The Bureau has not fired anyone”—but also accused these “outspoken” officials of “seem[ing] more concerned about protecting their taxpayer funded junkets to Washington, D.C., and being wined and dined by the Bureau than protecting consumers.”

On May 31, the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed a $150,000 sanctions award against three consumer attorneys and their law firms for bad faith conduct and misrepresentations.

The opinion reads like a detective story and lays out, in the Court’s own words, “a mosaic of half-truths, inconsistencies, mischaracterizations, exaggerations, omissions, evasions, and failures to correct known misimpressions created by [consumer attorneys’] own conduct that, in their totality, evince lack of candor to the court and disrespect for the judicial process.”

The litigation arose from a payday loan that plaintiff James Dillon obtained from online lender Western Sky.  Later, Dillon engaged attorneys Stephen Six and Austin Moore of Stueve Siegel Hanson LLP and Darren Kaplan of Kaplan Law Firm, PC who filed a putative class action against several non-lender banks that processed loan-related transactions through the Automatic Clearing House network.  Defendant Generations Community Federal Credit Union promptly moved to dismiss Dillon’s lawsuit on the basis of the loan agreement’s arbitration clause.  In response, Dillon challenged authenticity of the loan agreement and a two-year-long dispute ensued during which the district court refused to send the case to arbitration based on Dillon’s authenticity challenge; Generations appealed the district court’s decision; and the Fourth Circuit vacated it and remanded the case for further proceedings on the arbitration issue.  Significantly, when questioned by both the district court and the Fourth Circuit, Six maintained authenticity challenge and represented that he had drafted the complaint without the loan agreement and that Dillon’s claims do not rely on the loan agreement.

Six’s representations regarding the contents of the complaint were problematic given the complaint specifically referenced the loan agreement and its terms.  Evidence uncovered during arbitration-related discovery showed that Dillon possessed the loan agreement all along and, crucially, that he supplied his counsel with a copy of the agreement a week before the complaint was filed.  The latter piece of evidence was discovered only as a result of forensic examination of Dillon’s computer.  Once this evidence came to light, Dillon responded to Generations’ requests for admissions that the loan agreement was authentic.

Generations moved for sanctions against Dillon’s attorneys.  Instead of admitting their wrongdoing, Kaplan argued that there was never any challenge to authenticity, and Six argued that he still doubted authenticity even though he signed Dillon’s admissions that the loan agreement was authentic.  Invoking its inherent authority to punish bad faith behavior, the district court sanctioned Six, Kaplan, and their law firms jointly, ordering them to pay the defendants $150,000 in attorneys’ fees.  Moore was held liable jointly for only $100,000 of the total amount due to his lesser role in the bad-faith conduct.  The lawyers appealed.

The Fourth Circuit summarily rejected their arguments that neither the rules of ethics nor the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure required them to disclose the copy of the loan agreement before discovery commenced.  “These arguments miss the point.  Counsel are not being sanctioned for their failure to disclose the Dillon copy of the Western Sky loan agreement.  Rather, counsel are being sanctioned for raising objections in bad faith—simultaneously questioning (and encouraging the district court to question) the authenticity of a loan agreement without disclosing that the Plaintiff provided them a copy of that loan agreement before the complaint was filed.”

Discovery in consumer litigation is often asymmetrical and focuses on defendants’ obligations.  This opinion is a good reminder that the rules apply to plaintiffs too and that the courts will not condone a “crusade to suppress the truth to gain a tactical advantage.”

On May 15, an en banc panel of the Third Circuit Court of Appeals issued a decision finding the statute of limitations for an alleged violation of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act begins on the date the violation occurs, not on the date the debtor discovers the violation. The ruling adds to the growing Circuit Court of Appeals split on this issue which, in addition to the Third Circuit, now involves the Fourth, Eighth, Ninth, and Eleventh circuits.

The case is Kevin Rotkiske v. Paul Klemm, et al., No. 16-1668 (3d Cir. May 15, 2018).

Plaintiff Kevin Rotkiske brought the FDCPA action in 2015, roughly one year after he discovered that Defendant Paul Klemm obtained a judgment against him in a 2009 state court debt collection action. Rotkiske claimed Klemm served the collection complaint on the wrong person, with the result that Rotkiske did not learn of the 2009 judgment until 2014, after he was rejected for a home loan due to credit reporting reflecting the outstanding judgment. Rotkiske alleged Klemm deliberately made sure that he did not receive service in order to obtain a default judgment in violation of the FDCPA. Klemm moved to dismiss the complaint, arguing Rotkiske did not bring the action within the FDCPA one-year statute of limitations. The lower court granted Klemm’s motion and Rotkiske appealed.

Relying on the Fourth Circuit’s decision in Lembach v. Bierman and the Ninth Circuit’s decision in Mangum v. Action Collection Serv. Inc. (both of which found the discovery rule applies to statutes of limitation in federal litigation, including the FDCPA), Rotkiske argued the statute of limitations was tolled until he discovered the alleged FDCPA violation in 2014. The Third Circuit panel disagreed, finding the text of the FDCPA, which states that an action for an alleged violation may be brought “within one year from the date on which the violation occurs,” plainly applies the occurrence rule. With respect to Lembach and Mangum, the Court found these decisions did not analyze the specific text of the FDCPA and it therefore rejected their application of the discovery rule.

The Third Circuit now joins the Eighth and Eleventh circuits in finding the occurrence rule applies to FDCPA actions, while the Fourth and Ninth circuits apply the discovery rule.

We will continue to monitor developments in this case, including any petition to the Supreme Court of the United States to resolve this burgeoning Circuit split.

In a recent decision denying plaintiffs Aldean Isaac’s and Julissa Ortiz’s motion for summary judgment, a federal district court judge in the Eastern District of New York found that defendant NRA Group, LLC’s collection letter that included the same amount of debt twice and then a payment slip for the sum of these duplicate amounts would not mislead the least sophisticated consumer because it was clear that the duplicate charges were a mistake.

The case is Aldean Isaac, et al. v. NRA Group, LLC, 16-cv-5210 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 28, 2018).

The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act putative class action arose out of two collection letters Isaac and Ortiz received in late 2015. Each letter contained an itemization of the amount of debt, the date on which the debt was incurred, and the account number associated with the debt. The amount of the debt was listed twice within this itemization section for both letters. However, for the duplicated amounts, the date the debt was incurred was listed as “00/00/00.” Payment slips at the bottom of the letters included all amounts listed in the itemization section, effectively doubling the amount due. According to NRA, the duplicate charges were included in the letters based on erroneous information it received from the original creditor which NRA’s computer systems then automatically included in the collection letters at issue.

Isaac and Ortiz alleged these letters constituted multiple violations of the FDCPA, including misrepresentations about the amount of debt owed in violation of §§ 1692e and 1692g, as well as suggesting NRA had the right to collect interest and fees in violation of §§ 1692e and 1692f. While discovery was ongoing, Isaac and Ortiz filed a motion for summary judgment as to their allegations that NRA had misrepresented the amount of debt owed.

In denying the motion for summary judgment, District Court Judge Joseph Bianco found that while the letters contained technically false representations, these representations would not mislead the least sophisticated consumer because it was clear that the duplicative amounts were included in error. Judge Bianco reasoned that because letters contained identical amounts for the exact same account numbers, coupled with the “00/00/00” date of accrual, “the only ‘basic, reasonable, and logical inference’ to be drawn … is that the duplicated charges were included by mistake, and were not actually owed.” As such, the least sophisticated consumer would not be misled as to the nature or legal status of the debt nor would the mistake hinder the consumer’s ability to dispute or respond to the collection attempt.

While this decision is based on unique circumstances and is therefore likely inapplicable to many scenarios, Judge Bianco’s commonsense interpretation of the least sophisticated consumer standard could be helpful for financial services institutions facing litigation in the Eastern District of New York.

We will continue to monitor this case along with other developments in this area of the law.

Chapter 13 of the United States Code’s eleventh title (“Bankruptcy Code” or “Code”) “permits any individual with regular income to propose and have approved a reasonable plan for debt repayment based on that individual’s exact circumstances,” explaining why a Chapter 13 plan is commonly known as “a wage earner’s plan.”  In general, upon winning approval of such a plan by a bankruptcy court, a debtor is obligated to pay any post-petition disposable income in sufficient quantity to guarantee every unsecured creditor at least what would have been received in a bankruptcy proceeding under the Code’s seventh chapter. In exchange, the debtor gains unconstrained control of every asset subsumed into the bankruptcy estate upon the date that he, she, or they filed for bankruptcy relief. Even after the passage of the 2005 bankruptcy reform law, a Chapter 13 discharge still eliminates types of debts not dischargeable via Chapter 7, including civil fines and penalties, divorce decree debts, and welfare repayment obligations.

To be eligible for Chapter 13 and thus for this expanded discharge, however, a debtor must satisfy the eligibility criteria in § 109(e): “Only an individual with regular income that owes . . . noncontingent, liquidated, unsecured debts of less than [$394,725] . . . may be a debtor under chapter 13.” Over the past year, a question that could affect lenders’ ability to collect on outstanding student loans debts—whether a debtor whose student loan debt pushes them above this statutory maximum forfeits their eligibility for relief under Chapter 13—has resulted in inconsistent rulings by several bankruptcy courts.

Conflicting Cases

The latest case—In re Fishel, No. 17-14180-13, 2018 Bankr. LEXIS 965, 2018 WL 1870368 (Bankr. W.D. Wis. Mar. 30, 2018)—is from Madison, Wisconsin.

On December 18, 2017, Victoria Sue Fishel, a consumer debtor with a car loan, tax debt, credit card and charge account debt, and a small amount of medical bills, filed a bankruptcy petition listing some $150,000 in unsecured, nonpriority debt, including about $16,000 in student loans, as well as other student loans of an unknown size. Filed with her petition, Fishel’s repayment plan proposed to devote all disposable income for five years toward payment of her creditors. While the Chapter 13 trustee tabulated only $132,000 of student loan debt, the United States Department of Education (“DOE”) filed a claim for more than $340,000. Noting that Fishel’s debt totaled more than $394,725 using the latter figure, the trustee objected to her plan and consequently filed a motion to dismiss based on § 109(e).

In articulating her decision, Judge Catherine J. Furay made several points. Legally, regardless of the fact that a lack of § 109(e) eligibility, though not identified as a basis for mandatory dismissal in § 1307, had been treated as a valid reason for dismissal by some courts, the decision to convert or to dismiss a Chapter 13 case always remains “a matter of discretion for the bankruptcy court.” “It should be made,” she added, “on a case-by-case basis considering the best interest of creditors and the bankruptcy estate.” Factually, it was “undisputed the Debtor can make the proposed [p]lan payments,” “[t]he only real roadblock to confirmation of Debtor’s [p]lan . . . [being] the alleged amount of her student loans which, in any case, will not be discharged in her bankruptcy.” Lastly, she stressed the policy considerations set forth in In re Pratola, 578 B.R. 414 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 2017), that she held weighed in favor of permitting Fishel’s case to proceed.

As Judge Furay herself acknowledged, multiple courts have rejected the approach to student loans and § 109(e) favored by Fishel and Pratola, including In re Petty, No. 18-40258, 2018 Bankr. LEXIS 1231, 2018 WL 1956187 (Bankr. E.D. Tex. Apr. 24, 2018); In re Bailey-Pfeiffer, No. 1-17-13506-bhl, 2018 WL 1896307 (Bankr. W.D. Wis. Mar. 23, 2018); and In re Mendenhall, No. 17-40592-JDP, 2017 Bankr. LEXIS 3600, 2017 WL 4684999 (Bankr. D. Idaho Oct. 17, 2017).

Troutman Sanders LLP will continue to monitor these developments and the intersection of bankruptcy law with student loans.